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U.S. president Truman greets heads of state, signs Marshall Plan, and speaks at 1948 Democratic campaign convention.
A car arrives at the White House in Washington DC. President Harry S. Truman greets President of Mexico, Miguel Aleman, during state visit of Mexican President to Washington DC on April 29, 1947. Next scene shows President Truman being presented a Jewish Torah by Dr. Chaim Weizmann, first President of the newly declared State of Israel. Exterior view of south side of White House. Truman with Secretary of State, George Marshall, by the fireplace inside the White House. They discuss world affairs looking at a globe. An animated map shows the increasing Soviet Communist influence in Europe. April 3, 1948, President Truman signs the European Recovery Program (ERP), better know as the Marshall Plan, as members of Congressional leadership look on. Sacks of grain being off loaded at a dock in Italy, as part of Marshall Plan aid. Scene shifts to October 6, 1948 with crowd gathered outside the Democratic Convention at Convention Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Convention delegates applaud during President Truman's address. Officials on stage. Truman talks about his sincere desire to promote peace throughout the world. Pictures of Franklin Roosevelt and Alben Barkley on stage. Exterior view of north side of the White House. Truman seated at a table.
Evacuation of Shanghai as Red Chinese advance; Communist rallies in Italy, East Germany; Riots in Bogota
Refugees and foreigners fleeing conflict and unrest head to Shanghai as the Communist Chinese Army advances, challenging those loyal to Nationalist China. An Orthodox priest looks at an infant carried by a European woman. Many people are screened before boarding the USS General W.H. Gordon (AP-117) to evacuate. Two Roman Catholic nuns board the ship. The ship departs from Shanghai. Scene shifts to view of Communists on parade in Rome, Italy and assemble at event overseen by Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti. Crowds of communist Italians gathered at the Stadio dei Marmi (Viale dello Stadio dei Marmi, 00135 Roma RM, Italy). In East Germany a large poster showing Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Speakers at rally of East German FDGB (Freier Deutscher Gewerkshaftsbund) which is the Free German Trade Union Federation. Rioting and destruction in riots in Bogota, Colombia, after 1948 assassination of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. Crowds of Colombian protestors overturn cars and burn cars and streetcars. Protestors through files of paperwork out of windows of a government building during unrest.
The Marshall Plan is implemented in different European nations so that they can recover from economic problems.
A documentary reviews the beginning of the Marshall Plan in response to the post war (World War II) needs of Europeans. It depicts its effect on the lives of people during the first year of its implementation. People on a street. A map of Europe. Animation depicts the production of textile, output of coal, requirement of manufacturing industries, and declined food production. U.S. Secretary of State George Catlett Marshall, Jr., tells the people of Europe that if they work together the U.S. will supply money for food and raw material. Wide and close views of newsstand in England, United Kingdom. British man buys a newspaper to read about Marshall's appeal in the newspapers. Traffic on the streets in Paris, France. Foreign Minsters of Great Britain, France and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov arrive in Paris and ascend steps of building for a meeting to discuss the Marshall Plan. The delegates and representatives at the meeting. Molotov comes out from the meeting. Animated map depicts 16 European nations which get together to work for economic development. The delegates seated in a hall in Paris. The Organization for Economic Co-operation is formed. Delegates of European nations signing a document. Wide view of a port area in Norway. A book on a table reads 'First Annual Requirements Program Submitted to O.E.E.C.' Wide view of Piazza del Popolo in Rome, Italy with Flaminio Obelisk in the center and traffic on roads Traffic and people on roads of Ulus Square (Ulus Meydanı) in Ankara, Turkey, with the equestrian statue Monument of Victory, depicting Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on horseback. Busy street and pedestrian traffic along O’Connell Street in Dublin, Ireland, with Gresham Hotel visible. Traffic passing over the O’Connell Bridge spanning the River Liffey. The U.S. Capitol in Washington DC. A meeting of the Congress for the Marshall Plan. View of Paul G. Hoffman who was appointed the administrator of the Marshall Plan. Man smoking cigarette and tuning radio to listen to broadcast. Families and people in living rooms listen on radios to news about the European Recover Program (ERP). Men unload food supplies sent by the U.S. from ships at a dock. People listen to a dignitary. Men unload machines from the ship. Workers in the Netherlands ride bicycles. A man unloads cotton from a freight car. A sign for ERP on the freight car. Men at work in a textile mill in the Netherlands. A coal hoist is delivered in Britain and British miners dig out coal and use the hoist. The coal is loaded aboard a ship for trade. Fiat automobile assembly line seen in operation in Turin, Italy, with workers building new 1948 Fiat Topolino cars.
Soviet Union backs out of 4-power administration of Berlin and blockades the City. U.S. Army Air Forces supply the city by airlift.
Teacher and school children playing amid rubble in Berlin, in the aftermath of World War II. Children receiving food outdoors. Children in a school classroom being given cups of soup by their teacher. In March, 1948, a Soviet soldier is seen lowering their flag from one of four flag poles displaying it, along with flags of the British, American, and French flags. (They no longer wished to share occupation of Berlin with the other Allied powers.) View of Western representatives preparing to issue a new stable currency. Next, the Soviets block all access to West Berlin (the "Berlin Blockade.") Open rail cars filled with coal are brought to a halt in their tracks. Trucks servicing West Berlin are stopped from moving over a highway. West Berlin citizens stand at a fence watching a U.S. Army Air Forces C-47 transport plane flying supplies to them. View from below of a C-54 transport plane descending to land, with supplies, at Templehof airfield in West Berlin. A C-54 taking off to make another supply run. A pallet of coal being offloaded from a C-54. A tram running on restricted schedule. A Berliner planting food in a deserted lot near a demolished building. People assembled in front of the severely damaged Bundestag and in other places surrounded by war torn buildings. Berlin Mayor Ernst Reuter, speaks of seeking assistance from America, England, France, and Italy, to help his city. Closeups of some of the Berliners applauding him. An airlift airplane labeled "Operation Santa Claus" with a soldier dressed like Santa, dispensing wrapped gifts or candy to German children near the plane's doorway. German children can be seen and heard singing "deck the Halls" in English. A soldier dressed as St. Nicholas stands next to one dressed as a Native American Indian. Children sing Martin Luther's hymn, "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"). A British Sunderland flying boat, takes off on the Havel River, in Berlin, after delivering supplies to the city. Grateful Berliners surrounding American pilots. Children run in a street carrying a large model of an airplane to simulate the Berlin airlift. Children playing "airlift" on a sidewalk. An airlift plane crashed and burning in a residential section of Berlin. German fire fighters battle the flames with hoses. A C-54 airlift plane descending to land with its gear extended. Scene at midnight, May 2, 1949, as the barriers isolating Berlin are raised, as the Soviets promised free and improved access to Berlin. People waving flowers as trucks once again move into the city. But Communists are seen violently storming the Greater Berlin City Hall in the Eastern Sector of the city. Non-Communist deputies in the Eastern Sector are forced to meet in West Berlin, where they meet without being molested. View of the Berlin Logo (Bear). Free election vote being deposited in a ballot box. Animated map shows how Berlin was cut in two, separating East Berlin from West Berlin.
Illustration and comments about post--World War II spread of communism driven by policy and actions of the Soviet Union
Soviet Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Andrey Vyshinsky (aka Andrei Vishinsky), making an impassioned speech, in 1948. Adolf Hitler making one of his bombastic speeches, during World War II. Animated map of Europe, showing countries becoming puppet states under post-World War 2 expansionism by the Soviet Union. It also highlights unrelenting Soviet hold over postwar zones of occupation in Austria and East Germany. The map goes on to illustrate expanding communist reflected in politics of Italy, France, Greece, and Finland.
People face drought, rations, closed factories and black marketeers during post-war period in Europe and UK.
A documentary depicts life of people in the post-war ( World War II) economic challenges and hard times in Europe and the United Kingdom. (Before Marshall Plan of 1948). Animated map of Western Europe. Ruins and debris of buildings in cities of Europe damaged during the war.Two women walk past rubble. The damaged buildings. People cross a damaged bridge. A man at work during the construction of a bridge. Men make boats. Smoke comes out from a factory. In the Netherlands, a man in a textile factory works with weaving machinery. Another man paints a machine part. Men at work in the factory. A man and a woman eat food. A French farmer plows a field with the help of two horses. Scene in Norway of boats in a harbor. Norwegian fishermen at a dock. A fisherman untangles a fishing net. People buy food from shops. They walk on a street. People wait in a line for bread ration because of drought of 1947. Loaves of bread on display in store window. A coal processing plant exterior. A small steam locomotive moves on tracks at the factory yard. Close up view of two British coal miners with black soot on faces and bodies as they dig out coal from a mine using a pick axe. Queue of British citizens walk in a line to get coal. A man distributes equal amounts of coal to the British men and women in the queue, who receive a coal ration loaded into a bag. A power plant. A man operates factory controls (controls made in Liverpool), reducing output to lower levels due to power rationing. Different machines at work. View of a large industrial cog wheel slowing to a stop, and a large compressor in a factory slows to a stop. A view of a city. People walk in a street. British men and women enter a food shop in England, with a sign at the doorway indicating that bread is being offered only by ration. A woman feeds hens in a yard. A farmer negotiates with another farmer to sell livestock, but he shakes his head to refuse the offer. People in a city purchase food and other goods in a black market. A woman buying food from a black market seller. She hands him a pile of cash bills in payment. Italian women picking olives beneath olive trees in grove in Italy. A man enters a food shop and speaks to a woman; the shelves in the store are almost empty. A railroad train freight car moves on tracks. A railway freight car factory in Belgium. Men at work in the factory. A man checks a line of completed rail car wheels in the factory. Freight cars lie unused in the factory yard as French customers cannot buy them since the company in Belgium will not accept French Francs in payment. An unemployed Italian man sitting on a wall collects cigarette butts. Weavers in Holland dig in a peet bog as that their weaving jobs are not available.