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Communication waves and the relation between power transmitted and received in Space Communications

United States Air Force training film about Space Communications and the related problems and developments. Animation: Planets, remotely controlled unmanned space research vehicles in space. Space communication links between the vehicles and Earth. Radio waves are reflected, refracted and absorbed. An antenna radiates waves that are dispersed. Communication and light waves on the frequency spectrum. Groundwave and Skywave transmission explained. Skywave transmission reflected back to Earth by the ionized layers in the Earth's upper atmosphere. Bouncing of signal in optimal conditions. Spacewave travels from transmitting to receiving antenna, and travels unaffected through the ionosphere into outer planetary space. Depicts laws that govern Line of Sight transmission: Relation between power transmitted and power received, and ideal and regular conditions. Explains the factors involved in the relation between the power transmitted and received. Comparison of communication and light waves. Inverse Square Law explained. The law applied to Space Communication: Signal generated from point source, energy dispersed in shape of sphere, energy spreads over expanding spherical area. Outlines a practical approach to strengthen received power: Directing the radiating energy, and enlarging area of the receiving antenna.

Location: United States USA
Date: 1960
Duration: 6 min 41 sec
Sound: Yes
Color: Color
Clip Type: Edited
Language: English
Clip: 65675031242
Formula expressing relation between transmitted and received power and factors affecting Space Communications.

Space Communications and the related problems and developments. Animation: Final formula expressing the relation between power transmitted and power received. Comparison of the distance between Earth and the moon, and Earth and Pluto. Factors effecting Space Communication. Payload factor: Effect of payload weight of a communication equipment, transport of equipment, need for small and light equipment. Limitations in miniaturization of components: Inaccessibility in term of maintenance and service. Depicts longevity of power based on available power sources. Advantages and drawbacks of chemical batteries, solar batteries, nuclear batteries. States methods for reducing power consumption: equipping vehicles with command transponders. Factors effecting Sapce Communication: Spatial environment and equipment used. Example of information required to study the planet Venus: atmospheric composition, surface temperature changes and exact period of rotation. Explains spatial movement and solution for this factor: Placing four equally spaced terrestrial stations around the globe, joint by reliable communication links for continuity and data reception.

Location: United States USA
Date: 1960
Duration: 4 min 44 sec
Sound: Yes
Color: Color
Clip Type: Edited
Language: English
Clip: 65675031243
Modern housing facility with fully equipped kitchens and landscaped gardens in U.S. are compared to housing in other countries

Housing facilities and living conditions in the United States compared to various other countries. China: Men and women in boats, where they eat, sleep, work and live. North Pole: Eskimos stand with a sledge outside an igloo. Arabia: The Arabian desert. Arab tribal women and children outside a house in the desert. Homes along the canal in Holland, Netherlands. A man rows a boat in the canal. Houses along the canal in Venice, Italy. Men row gondolas. Crowded living conditions in the U.S. Pedestrians and houses in a crowded community market place. A modern community housing facility. Spacious houses with landscaped surroundings. Entrance to a home in an apartment building. A woman in a fully equipped kitchen with modern equipment and facilities. African American women work in the apartment laundry. Children play in the spacious gardens.

Location: United States USA
Date: 1936
Duration: 2 min 3 sec
Sound: Yes
Color: Monochrome
Clip Type: Edited
Language: English
Clip: 65675031482
Manufacturing steel using the Bessemer process (WW2)

Manufacture of Steel during World War II in United States. Bessemer converter seen in tilted position being charged with molten iron from a ladle, under control of crane operator. Bessemer converter operator manipulates lever to cause converter to tilt up and air to blast through the molten iron. This burns excess carbon, silicon and manganese and converts the iron into steel. Molten steel is poured into molds. which are removed after steel solidifies. Hot ingots are moved on rail cars to a place, where they attain a uniform temperature and are ready for rolling. Ingots stored in pit.

Location: United States USA
Date: 1943
Duration: 1 min 45 sec
Sound: No
Color: Monochrome
Clip Type: Edited
Language: None
Clip: 65675031507
Steps in rolling a finished steel product (WW2)

Steel production in the United States during World War II. Overhead crane lifts steel ingot and places it into carrier that discharges it onto bed of blooming mill, where it is shuttled back and forth between different segments of water-cooled rollers until it is finally converted into a long steel bar. The steel bar is then rolled through a continuous bar mill, where it is reduced in thickness as it passes successive stations of the mill. At the end, the bar is cut into uniform lengths.

Location: United States USA
Date: 1943
Duration: 2 min 57 sec
Sound: No
Color: Monochrome
Clip Type: Edited
Language: None
Clip: 65675031508
Manufacturing steel plates and sheets from ingots (WW2)

Steel production in the United States during World War II. A steel slab produced from an ingot, is spread on a rolling mill, where it is shuttled back and forth through a succession of water-cooled rollers until it obtains the desired shape. Temperature is monitored and recorded by automatic device. Side view of hot steel plate passing between two rollers. Rolling mill operator seen in control booth. Worker monitors gauges on a panel.. The steel plate continues to reduce in thickness until it becomes a steel sheet.

Location: United States USA
Date: 1943
Duration: 1 min 51 sec
Sound: No
Color: Monochrome
Clip Type: Edited
Language: None
Clip: 65675031509
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