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Actions of Axis and Allied powers on brink of World War II in period 1937-1939.
Japanese troops parade for Emperor Hirohito, mounted upon a white horse. Italian troops goosestep and German troops goosestep on parade. View of an Austrian town with snow-covered Alps mountains in background as German troops enter Austria on March 13, 1938 during the Anschluss. Local citizens welcome them, displaying swastika flags and giving Nazi straight arm salutes. Troops, military vehicles, tanks, motorcycles, and horse-drawn artillery comprise the German invading force. Shifts to Spain, where war torn buildings reflect effects of German and Italian intervention during the Spanish Civil War. A donkey standing near field artillery piece. Artillery being fired from an urban park in Spain. Artilleryman using a range finder. German gun crew with heavy artillery piece. Soldiers wearing Adrian steel helmets, firing a two-wheeled water-cooled machine gun. Spanish carrying wounded on stretcher. Spanish civilians inadvertently slain during civil war conflict. Starving dog walking in street. Huge poster of Francisco Franco and view of him on reviewing stand saluting marching Nationalist troops. Repeat of Hirohito reviewing troops and Italian and German troops goosestep. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini stand together in open car heading to Fuhrerbau in Munich, Germany, for signing of Agreement between Germany, Italy, Britain, and France in 1938. Neville Chamberlain, and Edouard Daladier riding in car to Fuhrerbau. Views of the principals signing the accords. First is Adolf Hitler, followed by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini, and Edouard Daladier. After the signing, the principals, plus Hermann Goering, mingle and converse. Change of scene to nighttime in Rome, Italy, where Benito Mussolini addresses a huge throng gathered near the Victor Emmanuel Memorial to cheer him after his return from Munich. Next, German troops are seen entering Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) greeted by joyous ethnic German inhabitants. Banners are stretched across a street. One gives thanks to the Fuhrer. Several scenes of cheering population. A woman strews flowers in a roadway. Hitler arrives, standing in an open car, and is met with cheers of adulation. A military brass band plays from the open beds of two moving army trucks. Signpost points to Prag (Prague), Eger (Cheb), Joachimstal (Jáchymov), and Komotau (Chomutov) after German annexation. Scene shifts to Prague, where German troops are seen occupying the city. High ranking German officers in a car are seen coming through the gateway from the Court d´honneur of the Prague Castle into the Hradčany Square. The next sequence shows an Italian Freccia-Class destroyer in the Albanian Port of Durrës. An Italian L3/35 Tankette is driven off a large cargo ship. Italian troops on bicycles ride in a city street. A German 88mm antiaircraft (flak) gun is shown, mounted at a fort overlooking a river and city. Final scene shows Adolf Hitler addressing a meeting of the Bundestag in the Kroll Opera House (alternate meeting place after burning of the Reichstag). He reads, contemptuously from an April 14, 1939 letter sent to him by U.S. President Roosevelt, asking him to give "assurance that your armed forces will not attack or invade the territory or possessions of the following independent nations: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, The Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain and Ireland, France, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Russia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, the Arabias, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Iran." As Hitler reads through the litany of nations, the Bundestag erupts in laughter.
Two hundred thousand Hungarians flee Hungary during the Hungarian Revolution in 1956
Hungarian rebels in crowd during the Hungarian Revolution in 1956. Hungarian rebels with Hungarian soldiers in Budapest. Damaged buildings in Budapest. A devastated street car in Budapest after the Hungarian Revolution. Abandoned Soviet military vehicle, equipment and tank in Budapest. Hungarians curiously observe the tank. Hungarian freedom fighters, with rifles, patrol Budapest. Piles of blocks in road near apartment buildings in Budapest. Russian tanks roll in Budapest, returning to the Hungarian Revolution with more reinforcements. Soviet military vehicles pouring into Andrassy Avenue, Budapest. Hungarians cross a river and walk to the Austrian border. Hungarian refugee smokes a cigarette. A Hungarian couple kiss and laugh together. Two hundred thousand Hungarian refugees trekking towards the temporary refugee shelters in Austria. Austrian border control. Hungarian refugees flee with their luggage and bicycles, hoping to make it to countries that could accept them such as England, France, Scandinavia, Switzerland and the United States.
Adolf Hitler arrives in Brenner railway station to meet Benito Mussolini for a brief Germany-Italy dialogue (WW2)
Italian Prime Minister and Il Duce Benito Mussolini welcomes German Chancellor and Führer Adolf Hitler upon his arrival in the Brenner railway station (39041 Brenner, South Tyrol, Italy), the border station of Italy and Austria. Adolf Hitler gives the Nazi salute while Benito Mussolini extends the Roman Salute to honor guards while it snows outside the Brenner station. Italian Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano and Nazi German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop follow behind their leaders. Hitler shakes hands with Mussolini and Count Ciano, greet each other with the Nazi and Roman salutes, before boarding train back to Germany. Joachim von Ribbentrop greets the Nazi salute to Mussolini before the latter shake hands with him. Hitler speaks to Mussolini while leaning on train window before departure. Hitler’s train departs from Brenner station. Mussolini gives a final Roman salute to Hitler as his train departs for Germany. Mussolini, Count Ciano and other Italian fascist officials leave the platform. “Brennero” (Italian for Brenner) station sign in heavy snow. Italian fascist officials salute to Mussolini’s snowy train departing Brenner station after Hitler's visit to Italy during World War II.
The growth of fascism in Germany and Italy up to World War II
The growth of Nationalism in Prussia and the Kingdom of Italy as shown in Italian WWII propaganda film. An animated map depicting the division of Italian city states on the Italian peninsula during the early Modern Era. The animated map also shows the unification of Italy (also known as Risorgimento) by 1870. Another animated map depicts Prussia. Portraits of Royal House of Savoy, Prussian kings and prominent figures of Italian and German national movements such as Frederick II the Great (Friedrich II.), the Count of Cavour (Camillo Benso). Prussian-Italian alliance written in Italian. Portrait of Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian politician and activist. Scroll written with “1861”. Portrait of Otto von Bismarck. Animated map of Italy after the Risorgimento, the foundation of the Prussian Empire, and the annexation of Austria and Czechia. A drawing depicts the Treaty of Versailles. Chains surround Italy and Central Europe in a map. Benito Mussolini performs the Roman Salute from his balcony at the Palazzo Venezia (Piazza di S. Marco, 49, 00186 Roma RM, Italy) in Rome, Italy. Fascist supporters hold signs reading “DUCE”. Adolf Hitler gives a Nazi Salute to crowds during an outdoor rally in Germany. Nazi flags decorate the stage and venue. A weighing scale with coins and two swords. The scale tipping down. A man with goggles working. Adolf Hitler raising his hand as a Nazi Salute. Crowds perform a Nazi Salute. German and Italian troops marching with rifles.
Austrian Empress Zita in gardens of the Villa Annunciata Hotel, Monastery of the Annunciation in Menton, France
Austrian Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma, wife of the late ex-Emperor Karl I and the last Empress of Austria, descends stone steps in the gardens of the Villa Annunciata Hotel (Today the CCAS Holiday Apartment at Cor André Tardieu, 06500 Menton, France), adjacent to the Monastery of the Annunciation (2135 Cor André Tardieu, 06500 Menton, France). A traditional brick-lined well in the garden. Stone steps in a lush garden. Rose bushes and other plants growing. Trellis with vines. A road in Menton, hills are seen in the background. Distant view of Villa Annunciata Hotel, camera pans to view of the Monastery of the Annunciation and its chapel. Sign hanging beside the arch reads “Monastère” (“Monastery” in English).
Exiled Archduke Otto of Habsburg and his mother, Zita of Bourbon Parma, enter different cars outside their hotel in St. Jean de Luz, France
Exiled members of the Habsburg Dynasty in Southern France. Pretender to Austrian throne Archduke Otto of Habsburg enters a car outside hotel Villa D'Iris, Saint Jean de Luz, France. (16 Rue de Sainte-Barbe, 64500 Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France) View of the hotel Villa D'Iris. Sign hanging outside the villa shows the office address of the Hotel Manager at 36 Rue Gambetta, Saint Jean de Luz. A white sheet is hanging on the balcony railing of the villa. Former Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma (wife of the late Emperor Charles I of Austria), enters a different car outside the hotel Villa D'Iris. She is accompanied by two women, likely two of her daughters.
